Based on our results, we made four propositions to be used for future research and managerial developments. For the LSP interviews, we divided drivers of engagements into two sub-categories: corporate social responsibility (CSR) as well as philanthropic and profit drivers. 107, pp. Humanitarian organisations work tirelessly to save lives and preserve human dignity, but the situation these now face is entirely unprecedented. How do you judge the future role of commercial logistics providers in disaster response? Finally, the reputation risk category was added. And last, when it comes to humanitarian aid, I envision more sharing of resources, more analysis of which models fit best under which scenarios. Abidi, H., De Leeuw, S. and Klumpp, M. (2015), The value of fourth-party logistics services in the humanitarian supply chain, Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management, Vol. We invest in local economies, markets and the private sector. 6 No. The online courses allow humanitarian logisticians to learn at their own pace and from any location with internet access. (2003), Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers, Sage Publication, London. We have a heterogeneous sample of participants from different organizations, however, we have not managed to cover all geographical areas due to targeting managerial and directorate positions that mainly are in HQs that are based in Europe and the USA. Sandwell, C. (2011), A qualitative study exploring the challenges of humanitarian organizations, Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management, Vol. Get real-time air & ocean freight quotes and access to a powerful dashboard. When it comes to the analysis and evaluation of potential providers, HOs decision is based on the existing network of companies in the affected areas, the previous experience with LSPs as well as shared experiences with other HOs. Agility also contributes bilaterally via local humanitarian partners in some instances in which the LETs do not deploy. In Table II, we present the related literature and the research method used. Humanitarian logistics can be defined as: the process of planning, implementing and controlling the efficient, cost-effective flow and storage of goods and materials, as well as related information, from the point of origin to the point of consumption for the purpose of alleviating the suffering of vulnerable people. In another study, we analyzed the return on investments made to strengthen the humanitarian supply chain. 45 No. Furthermore, our research suggests improving the outsourcing policy of HOs. This initiative facilities the growth of the businesses of the local providers and the provision of better services to the local communities. Lamentamos pelo inconveniente. Warehousing and transportation seem the most common outsourced activities since HOs often do not have the capacity and resources to implement them in-house. 1, pp. The American Logistics Aid Network ( ALAN) today announced the 2021 winners of its Humanitarian Logistics Awards. The managerial implications arising from the research can provide support to commercial LSPs and HOs that initiate or develop strategic outsourcing relationships. Compliance with humanitarian ethics and donor regulations are also important for HOs to select providers. | Learn more about Tram Nguyen's work experience, education, connections & more by visiting their . | Lees meer over onder meer de . 17 No. First, we presented incentives of initiating outsourcing engagement both for HOs and LSPs. 1, pp. For the cross-interview comparison, we selected the two groups (HOs and LSPs) and looked for similarities and differences between our selective coding (Eisenhardt, 1989). Humanitarian logistics outsourcing is often focused more on the tactical rather than strategic level. In turn, WFP lends its well-developed and widely-recognized logistics network, experience and expertise to other humanitarian actors. Our data indicate that the main supply chain activities that are provided by LSPs during the response phase are intermodal transportation, fleet management, last mile distribution, cross-docking, temperature controlled warehousing, warehousing which includes storage, receiving, picking and shipping tasks, IT services, customs clearance, and to a lesser extent invoicing and labeling. Two publications are based on field research (Baharmand et al., 2017; Snchez Gil and McNeil, 2015). The next proposition relates to our third research question and arises from the logistics activities that HOs choose to outsource and how they select LSPs. LSPs will contribute and add value to the humanitarian response. In addition, since donors are increasingly willing to contract the private sector directly for the execution of humanitarian programs like cash transfers (ECHO, 2017), future research is needed that explores this partnership. Single sourcing strives for a strategic relationship between HOs and LSPs to foster a close collaboration. As we described previously, only five paper explicitly refer to outsourcing of humanitarian logistics activities (Bealt et al., 2016; Cozzolino et al., 2017; Baharmand et al., 2017; Snchez Gil and McNeil, 2015; Vega and Roussat, 2015). las molestias. First, open coding was used on the transcripts of the interviews. Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management. Who manages the aid? HOs prefer to do the final distribution to beneficiaries. The authors are grateful to all the interviewees for their time and the insights. 28 No. Ourfinalapplication deadline for international applicants (non-EU/EEA) isMay 31st. Some HOs do not like to outsource procurement of relief items since they manage public money and they have to follow specific procurement procedures. om ons te informeren over dit probleem. Read more from our international community andSubscribe to KLUster, our monthly newsletter. LSPs that are profit oriented, select partners mainly based on the criterion of profitability. Nurmala et al., 2017, 2018; Kovcs and Spens, 2011; Schulz, 2009; Van Wassenhove, 2006; Thomas and Kopczak, 2005) but little attention has been given to why, how and what organizations decide to outsource (Cozzolino et al., 2017; Baharmand et al., 2017, Bealt et al., 2016; Vega and Roussat, 2015). WFP also leads the Logistics Cluster, a structure that ensures logistics coordination, information management and the facilitation of shared logistics services such as storage and transport. (2016) is a modeling paper that uses empirical data to develop a framework that proposes proactive and reactive outsourcing strategies for different relief items. Logistics services providers play an increasingly prominent role in humanitarian operations by entering into commercial and non-commercial relationships with humanitarian organizations (HOs) (Hoxtell et al., 2015; Bealt et al., 2016; Vega and Roussat, 2015). Research that targets national and local private companies and small size HOs both in humanitarian and development aid will help to understand better the role of the private sector in recovery and rehabilitation of the affected areas. What kind of contracts do you have with HOs so far? Sie weiterhin diese Meldung erhalten, informieren Sie uns darber bitte per E-Mail 2, pp. To mitigate risks of outsourcing, selection criteria of providers are important. We analyzed the interview data using NVivo, a qualitative data software that has the ability to organize and analyze data (Dean and Sharp, 2006). Some articles were excluded because they referred to outsourcing to other HOs, retailers or the military but not commercial logistics providers. Our empirical data are collected mainly from big private companies and HOs. (2004), Combining quantitative and qualitative methodologies in logistics research, International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management, Vol. 32 No. (2017) is a literature review that refers to the role of logistics providers and partnerships between humanitarian and businesses sectors. Of special importance for outsourcing engagements are the phases of disaster relief (preparedness, response and recovery). During the recovery phase, some HO programs focus on capacity building of the local logistics service provide sector. 11-22. Bitte helfen Sie uns, Glassdoor zu schtzen, indem Sie besttigen, dass Sie A number of research propositions are presented. Discussing similarities and differences with the existing literature is an important feature of theory building research and increases internal validity and the generality of the results (Eisenhardt, 1989, p. 544). Partnerships with governments, NGOs or the private sector are an important part of WFPs ability to deliver effectively and efficiently. One paper is based on data collected by an online survey targeting practitioners of LinkedIn groups (Bealt et al., 2016) to explore barriers and benefits of establishing collaborative partnerships between HOs and LSPs. While perfecting the tools of emergency response, we continue toclose the gap between the humanitarian and development contexts. We identify incentives of outsourcing of HOs but also incentives of engagements of LSPs, and activities to be outsourced in the context of the three disasters phases (preparation, response and recovery) based on empirical data from HOs and commercial LSPs. In 2019, the destruction caused by cyclones Idai and Kenneth provided another brutal reminder that sudden-onset, climate-related disasters will continue to necessitate robust, timely and coordinated logistics support for humanitarian operations. Thomas, A. and Kopczak, L. (2005), From logistics to supply chain management: the path forward in the humanitarian sector, available at: www.fritzinstitute.org/pdfs/whitepaper/fromlogisticsto.pdf (accessed December 18, 2016). Our coding paradigm is presented in Figure 1. and Mansouri, A. Corbin, J. and Strauss, A. 6, pp. Standards, implemented between organisations, allow improving the interoperability of humanitarian operations. 270-282. Furthermore, we investigate logistics activities at a more detailed level. Introduction 2. Agility also supports disaster preparedness activities like logistics capacity assessments of major ports, airports, and roads, as well as humanitarian logistics training. However, all previous distributions can be outsourced. (2011), Trends and developments in humanitarian logistics a gap analysis, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. We have to use that money at that particular time in the best possible way explained a humanitarian expert. Si continas viendo este mensaje, Snchez Gil, J.C. and McNeil, S. (2015), Supply chain outsourcing in response to manmade and natural disasters in Colombia, a humanitarian logistics perspective, Procedia Engineering, Vol. Whether the cause is a natural disaster, armed conflict or simply undeveloped infrastructure, Jarrod Goentzel says the MIT Humanitarian Response Lab is working to improve supply chain response. * Featured companies from Agilitys wider portfolio; not full list. Search Humanitarian logistics jobs. para informarnos de que tienes problemas. Hence, careful selection of and interaction with providers is necessary. HLA is a Registered Charity No: 1127723 and Registered Limited company 06477969 of England and Wales. Smaller HOs usually do more ad hoc short-term relationships during the response phase since they are dependent on donations which are usually received after a disaster occurs. Nurmala et al. For example, when it comes to the warehousing and stock review, we include storage, handling, picking, packing and shipping. In addition, HOs lack measurements to evaluate the performance of LSPs. "Today we have a chance to recognize a group of outstanding companies and individuals who exemplify what selfless logistics is all about," said ALAN Executive Director Kathy Futon. When a GCC country detected its first COVID-19 cases, the government moved quickly to prioritize food security and bolster the supply chain. Agility always works in partnership with humanitarian organizations, and always at their invitation. Third, we explored the humanitarian logistics activities to be outsourced to LSPS throughout the disaster phases. The full terms of this licence may be seen at http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode. Kovcs, G. and Spens, K.M. Agility donates both logistics expertise in the form of our logisticians, as well as in-kind support like transport or warehousing services for relief supplies. UNHAS, the UN's only mandated humanitarian air service, provides safe and reliable transport for aid workers; UNHRD buys, stores and dispatches relief supplies for partners from its global hubs; and the Logistics Cluster provides coordination and information management during emergency responses and facilitates access to common logistics services. Even if outsourcing is considered by many HOs, the majority of them recognize the need to establish more strategic outsourcing partnerships to benefit from long-term relationships. Humanitarian logistics covers the purchasing, transporting and warehousing of supplies as part of a response to disaster or conflict. Trestrail, J., Paul, J. and Maloni, M. (2009), Improving bid pricing for humanitarian logistics, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. WFPs longstanding experience and its established presence in partner countries enable it to understand local economic dynamics; navigate bureaucracy; and find solutions that are appropriate for each context and agile enough to fit changing circumstances. Future research should develop analytical models that explore which types of contracts and pricing policies are appropriate for which types of situation. Frontline Humanitarian Logistics: working together for a more efficient and effective response Award Winning! They believe that alliances of HOs are attractive to the private sector and can guarantee better prices. Do you collaborate with other humanitarian organizations? Criteria for inclusion in the study were that participants from HOs had experience with humanitarian logistics. Presented annually, they are open to any logistics professional, organization or department. The findings from our research led to four research propositions presented in discussion section. Their decisions are based on temporary needs which are dependent on the disaster phase and the disaster type. What is the objective? Outsourced logistics activities are categorized into asset-based services and non-asset-based services. Quality of service is divided into sub-categories reliability and responsiveness. In any humanitarian relief operation, logistics and supply chain management are critical and challenging factors (Dubey and Gunasekaran 2016; Soosay and Hyland 2015 ), requiring the engagement of various stakeholders such as governments, military, civil society, private companies, and international and national relief organizations (Yadav and Ba. Potential risks strongly drive the decision and the way that organizations initiate partnerships and select partners. 7 No. 16 No. Since existing literature related to outsourcing of humanitarian logistics is limited, we chose a qualitative exploratory approach. 428-441. additional services)? I hold a Master of Health Care in Global Health and Crisis Management. We used a keyword search in three scientific databases expanding the literature review done by Vega and Roussat (2015) who investigated the role of the LSPs in humanitarian logistics between 2000 and 2013. Do private companies have an incentive to build up clusters to respond to disasters? Vega and Roussat (2015) presented the activities to be outsourced in the three disaster phases based on the data collected from the websites of LSPs. These core categories correspond to the key concepts of our research questions: Why are HOs and LSPs entering into outsourcing partnerships? Methodologically, two publications are based on content analysis of websites of LSPs (Cozzolino et al., 2017; Vega and Roussat, 2015) to identify the role of LSPs in humanitarian logistics. Agility has donated the transportation of nine tons of medical materials from China to Uganda for UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency, in partnership with Qatar Airways Cargo. This research shows that incentives for initiating outsourcing engagements, partner selection criteria and activities to be outsourced are changing throughout the different disaster phases. questo messaggio, invia un'email all'indirizzo WFP joined forces with those companies who were willing to stay on and, in the process, not only built their capacity but encouraged others to return to the market. 229-340. We are sorry for the inconvenience. . (2016). Aguezzoul, A. Si continas recibiendo este mensaje, infrmanos del problema and Maloni, M. (2011), Improving bid efficiency for humanitarian food aid procurement, International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. The majority of HOs that contract LSPs in the response phase are medium and small size HOs because they face financial constraints during the preparation phase HOs are in the flush with funds, we only have the funds when the emergency occurs. We offer the supply chain smarts connecting businesses to global markets, and invest in the technology and innovation that is reshaping the future. Humanitarian logistics standards: state of the art 3. We categorize selection criteria into: quality, reputation, type and size of organizations engaged in outsourcing. This is relevant in the humanitarian sector, because of limited resources and high dependency on donor funds we dont have the capacity monetary-wise or staff-wise to provide logistics. Below, we present the logistics activities to be outsourced to LSPs classified according to the three disaster phases (preparation, response and recovery). Imprint, Master in Logistics and Supply Chain Management, Master in Sustainable Management and Operations, Boot Camp: Artificial Intelligence in Urban Mobility & Logistics, Hapag-Lloyd Center for Shipping and Global Logistics (CSGL), Center for Sustainable Logistics and Supply Chains (CSLS), Center for Humanitarian Logistics and Regional Development (CHORD), Research Group on Food Supply Chain Management, HELP Logistics und Center for Humanitarian Logistics and Regional Development (CHORD). Game-theoretic models seem especially suited to address the underlying trade-offs. We help lower income countries implement logistics solutions so they can receive, store, distribute, and administer . They could add significant value in meeting humanitarian needs due to their technical knowledge, access to data, ability to rapidly respond and financial resources (Scholten et al., 2010; Schulz, 2009; Kovcs and Spens, 2007; Van Wassenhove, 2006). Private companies motivation is classified by Bealt et al. Humanitarian operations call for flexibility of LSPs which has an impact on long-term projects with HOs as well as projects with other customers many of the organizations we are working with, in the middle of the project they will get called to a crisis and so we will have to put the project on hold until they are ready to reengage again, we have to be very flexible in our process. Frank Clary, VP for Sustainability at Agility, explains what Agility is doing to help prepare humanitarian organizations in vulnerable countries for the COVID-19 pandemic, including import/export constraint mapping, gathering information on capacity, and donating warehouse space. Low . (2010), Coordination in humanitarian logistics through clusters, International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management, Vol. 1, pp. We did not have interviews with national/local logistics providers in the countries where HOs provide aid. Type of disaster risk category includes risks coming from natural and man-made disasters, type of services includes pro-bono and commercial. Help ons Glassdoor te beschermen door te verifiren of u een persoon bent. 149-164. Nurmala et al. I'm currently leading EY Finland's corporate sustainability program and initiatives as well as contributing to the development of corporate sustainability in the Nordics region. (2009), Humanitarian firms: commercial business engagement in emergency response, chapter 14, in Steets, J. and Hamilton, D. (Eds), Humanitarian Assistance: Improving US-European Cooperation. Reputation plays an important role in attracting customers. LSPs often have the capacity for shorter ramp-up times when no prior operational presence exists and the capacity to scale since they can sub-contract and manage numerous projects in large-scale programs (Stoddard, 2009). 7, pp. 1, pp. 5+ years of experience in corporate sustainability from global manufacturing and professional services companies. We acknowledge that business objectives, risks, stakeholder agendas and requirements, as well as costs play a vital role for outsourcing decision-making in these three stages. 9 Nos 3/4, pp. 1 No. The recovery phase seems not to have a clear agenda for the private sector yet and reverse logistics is not that developed in humanitarian operations, but the role of the private sector is also important at this stage. The impact on brand visibility is also noted by Binder and Witte (2007) and highlighted by many interviewees both from LSPs and HOs Its reputation management, it is very positive with our brand image when we associate with NGOs. In the recovery phase, we observed a change of the relationship between private companies and HOs and hence, also a change in selection criteria. 471-487. Nurmala, N., De Leeuw, S. and Dullaert, W. (2017), Humanitarianbusiness partnerships in managing humanitarian logistics, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. You can gather and enrich prospects' email addresses and phone numbers with verified data. Which humanitarian logistics activities are outsourced to LSPs throughout the disaster phases? (Eisenhardt, 1989). Wang et al. Maria Besiou: Two aspects are essential to understanding how we can close the funding gap in humanitarian aid. The main motivation of international logistics providers to be involved at this stage is the impact of media attention on companies reputation and the motivation of their employees. It helps us to gain strategic customers stated a private sector expert. 25-32. Agilitys emergency response programs often include the coordination of logistics services in an emergency, and sometimes the donation of logistics equipment, such as refrigerated containers for temperature sensitive medical supplies. 22-36. Agility and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) announced a partnership that will strengthen the delivery of essential services National Aviation Services (NAS), a leading global aviation services provider and one of Agilitys subsidiaries, donated 7,000 COVID-19 Rapid Diagn Agility Bahrain supported the countrys Feena Khair (There is Good in Us) campaign to mitigate the spread of COVID-19. Type and size of organizations category for the HOs is divided into international big LSPs, national small or medium size LSPs and consortia of organizations. 4, pp. (2016), Service outsourcing and disaster response methods in a relief supply chain, Annals of Operations Research, Vol. The logistics companies ALAN works with donate their services to the relief efforts. So entrenched is this principle that we apply it even in the most extreme of circumstances. 374-390. Binder, A. and Witte, J.M. Response: Vega and Roussat (2015) found that fleet management, customs clearance, materials handling and last mile distribution are the most outsourced activities. At which disaster phase do you see the most potential for involvement of LSPs? In addition, it adds insights about partner selection criteria and shows that size of organizations, costs, lead time, quality of service, previous collaboration and reputation of the provider/partner drive partner selection decisions. HOs also follow a protection policy for local partners by not asking for exclusivity. Nurmala, N., De Vries, J. and De Leeuw, S. (2018), Cross-sector humanitarianbusiness partnerships in managing humanitarian logistics: an empirical verification, International Journal of Production Research, Vol. By conducting 12 interviews with humanitarian experts and 12 interviews with LSP experts, we cover the gap in the humanitarian literature on why and how HOs and LSPs are entering in outsourcing partnerships. Qualitative methods provide the flexibility for investigating new aspects of a phenomenon (Eisenhardt, 1989). In this section, we outline the research design and the methodology that we followed to answer our research questions. HOs hire and train local companies with the intention of improving their capabilities. According to Bealt et al. 2, pp. The first two search terms consisted of Humanitarian OR Disaster OR Relief AND Logistic* OR Supply Chain OR Humanitarian Operation. They were connected with a Boolean AND operator to limit the results to the context of humanitarian logistics and supply chains. How do they choose partners throughout the disaster phases? It involves rehabilitation and it aims to address the problem from a long-term perspective (Cozzolino, 2012, p. 9; Kovcs and Spens, 2007). 82-94. When Bangladesh suffered a severe flood, Agility Bangladesh procured, delivered and distributed relief supplies to 1,000 families. Major humanitarian emergencies create enormous logistics challenges. UK MOD personnel can log-in to the GRMS portal to schedule household relocation shipments. Mangan, J., Lalwani, C. and Gardner, B. This has an impact on the perspectives that HOs and LSPs have of the process of outsourcing, because of the different characteristics of humanitarian operations and needs in the different phases, for instance differences with respect to urgency of response, uncertainty of the environment and available resources (Kovcs and Spens, 2007): The outsourcing process of humanitarian logistics is highly affected by the disaster phases. Hence, we first summarize the main risks highlighted by HOs as well as LSPs. How do HOs and LSPs choose partners throughout the disaster phases to mitigate risks? 5, pp. Humanitarian experts highlighted that they prefer to initiate relationships with LSPs during the preparation phase because they have time, but often they do not have necessary resources partnerships are challenging, and it needs a lot of effort and resources from both sides first to establish and second to maintain them [] during preparation phase both partners have the time to invest in and negotiate the terms [] but many of us, small or medium size HOs, we face financial constraints, since we only receive donations after a disaster occurs. HOs usually outsource on an ad hoc basis during the response phase, since they receive funding and have a clearer idea of what is exactly needed. Strategic relationship between HOs and LSPs entering into outsourcing partnerships man-made disasters, type size... Implement logistics solutions so they can receive, store, distribute, and always at own! 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