As Earl of Carrick, Robert the Bruce supported his family's claim to the Scottish throne and took part in William Wallace's revolt against Edward I of England. On 1 October 1310 Bruce wrote Edward II of England from Kildrum[55] in Cumbernauld Parish in an unsuccessful attempt to establish peace between Scotland and England. There is one in the Wallace Collection and a missing one in Ireland. He also had a powerful claim to the Scottish throne through his descent from Donald III on his father's side and David I on his mother's side. In April, Bruce won a small victory over the English at the Battle of Glen Trool, before defeating Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, at the Battle of Loudoun Hill. However, as growing noble youths, outdoor pursuits and great events would also have held a strong fascination for Robert and his brothers. Soules, who had probably been appointed by John, supported his return, as did most other nobles. In the last years of his life, Robert I suffered from ill health and spent most of this time at Cardross, Dumbartonshire, where he died, possibly of leprosy. Robert the Bruce, original name Robert VIII de Bruce, also called Robert I, (born July 11, 1274died June 7, 1329, Cardross, Dumbartonshire, Scotland), king of Scotland (1306-29), who freed Scotland from English rule, winning the decisive Battle of Bannockburn (1314) and ultimately confirming Scottish independence in the Treaty of Northampton James Douglas, knighted at Bannockburn, acquired important lands in the counties of Selkirk and Roxburgh that became the nucleus of the later power of the Douglas family on the borders. To this day, the story stands in folklore as a testament of the determination of the Scottish people and their culture.[116]. (Heart burial was relatively common among royalty and the aristocracy, however, and there is no specific evidence that this casket is the kings.) [80] Six days after his death, to complete his triumph still further, papal bulls were issued granting the privilege of unction at the coronation of future Kings of Scots. [90], During the Scottish Reformation, the abbey church had undergone a first Protestant cleansing by September 1559, and was sacked in March 1560. Looping back via the hinterlands of Inverness and a second failed attempt to take Elgin, Bruce finally achieved his landmark defeat of Comyn at the Battle of Inverurie in May 1308; he then overran Buchan and defeated the English garrison at Aberdeen. Bruce also made raids into northern England and, landing at Ramsey in the Isle of Man, laid siege to Castle Rushen in Castletown, capturing it on 21 June 1313 and denying the English the island's strategic importance. [72][nb 2] As most of mainland Scotland's major royal castles had remained in their razed state since around 131314, Cardross manor was perhaps built as a modest residence sympathetic to Robert's subjects' privations through a long war, repeated famines and livestock pandemics. Comyn, a nephew of John de Balliol, was a possible rival for the crown, and Bruces actions suggest that he had already decided to seize the throne. A bust of Bruce is in the Hall of Heroes of the National Wallace Monument in Stirling. Barbour writes of the king's illness that 'it began through a benumbing brought on by his cold lying', during the months of wandering from 1306 to 1309. Robert's viscera were interred in the chapel of Saint Serf (the ruins of which are located in the present-day Levengrove Park in Dumbarton), his regular place of worship and close to his manor house in the ancient Parish of Cardross. Angus Macfadyen. [22], Robert's mother died early in 1292. The latter was married to a member of the Mar kindred, a family to which Bruce was related (not only was his first wife a member of this family but her brother, Gartnait, was married to a sister of Bruce). [51], A strong force under Edward, Prince of Wales, captured Kildrummy Castle on 13 September 1306 taking prisoner the King's youngest brother, Nigel de Bruce, as well as Robert Boyd and Alexander Lindsay, and Sir Simon Fraser. 12 Movies where Bruce Willis was in his element. [100][101] The bones were measured and drawn, and the king's skeleton was measured to be 5feet 11inches (180cm). A 1929 statue of Robert the Bruce is set in the wall of Edinburgh Castle at the entrance, along with one of Sir William Wallace. He then crossed to Argyll and defeated the isolated MacDougalls (allies of the Comyns) at the Battle of Pass of Brander and took Dunstaffnage Castle, the last major stronghold of the Comyns and their allies. It is still uncertain where Bruce spent the winter of 130607. A series of military victories between 1310 and 1314 won him control of much of Scotland, and at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, Robert defeated a much larger English army under Edward II of England, confirming the re-establishment of an independent Scottish kingdom. A canopy chapel or 'hearse' of imported Baltic wood was erected over the grave. Remonstrance of the Irish Chiefs to Pope John XXII, p. 46. from Froissart's Chronicles, translated by John Bourchier, Lord Berners (14671533), E.M. Brougham, News Out Of Scotland, London 1926, Acts of Robert I, king of Scots, 13061329, ed. [20], Robert's first appearance in history is on a witness list of a charter issued by Alexander Og MacDonald, Lord of Islay. Born in July 1243 of Scoto-Norman heritage, Sir Robert VI de Brus is known to have been the 6th Lord of Annandale. Best known as Robert the Bruce in Braveheart (1995), Angus McFadyen has enjoyed a fine career in the film business. In July 1301 King Edward I launched his sixth campaign into Scotland. This participation is contested as no Bruce appears on the Falkirk roll of nobles present in the English army, and two 19th Century antiquarians, Alexander Murison and George Chalmers, have stated that Bruce did not participate, and in the following month decided to lay waste to Annandale and burn Ayr Castle, to prevent it being garrisoned by the English. Homage was again obtained from the nobles and the burghs, and a parliament was held to elect those who would meet later in the year with the English parliament to establish rules for the governance of Scotland. A file of mourners on foot, including Robert Stewart and a number of knights dressed in black gowns, accompanied the funeral party into Dunfermline Abbey. How this dramatic success was achieved, especially the taking of northern castles so quickly, is difficult to understand. In Edinburgh also, the Scottish National Portrait Gallery has statues of Bruce and Wallace in niches flanking the main entrance. Married (1) in 1328. During these years the king was helped by the support of some of the leading Scottish churchmen and also by the death of Edward I in 1307 and the ineptness of his successor, Edward II. [115], It is said that before the Battle of Bannockburn, Bruce was attacked by the English Knight Sir Henry de Bohun. [74], In October 1328 the Pope finally lifted the interdict from Scotland and the excommunication of Robert. R.W. He fasted four or five days and prayed to the saint, before returning by sea to Cardross. In February 1307 he returned to Ayrshire. The Declaration of Arbroath of 1320 strengthened his position, particularly in relation to the Papacy, and Pope John XXII eventually lifted Bruce's excommunication. Descended from the Scoto-Norman and Gaelic nobilities, through his father he was a fourth-great-grandson of David I, as well as claiming Richard (Strongbow) de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, King of Leinster and Governor of Ireland, as well as William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, and Henry I of England amongst his paternal ancestors. He fought successfully during his reign to regain Scotland's place as an independent kingdom and is now revered in Scotland as a national hero. They were placed in a new lead coffin, into which was poured 1,500lbs of molten pitch to preserve the remains, before the coffin was sealed. [28] This the Scottish king did, but the final straw was Edward's demand that the Scottish magnates provide military service in England's war against France. Robert I (11 July 1274 - 7 June 1329), popularly known as Robert the Bruce ( Scottish Gaelic: Raibeart an Bruis ), was King of Scots from 1306 to his death in 1329. Actor: Equilibrium. On his way, he granted the Scottish estates of Bruce and his adherents to his own followers and had published a bill excommunicating Bruce. If one should break the secret pact, he would forfeit to the other the sum of ten thousand pounds. Robert de Brus, his father, was the 6th Lord of Annandale and a great-great-grandson of Scotland's King David mac Mail Choluim, or David I. Marjorie, his mother, was the . Other versions have Bruce in a small house watching the spider try to make its connection between two roof beams. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The great banner of the kings of Scotland was planted behind Bruce's throne.[50]. This represented a transformation for one raised as a feudal knight. Contemporary chroniclers Jean Le Bel and Thomas Grey would both assert that they had read a history of his reign 'commissioned by King Robert himself.' [54][77] Robert's final wish reflected conventional piety, and was perhaps intended to perpetuate his memory. The next time Carlisle was besieged, in 1315, Robert the Bruce would be leading the attack. The decisive event was the murder of John (the Red) Comyn in the Franciscan church at Dumfries on February 10, 1306, either by Bruce or his followers. [100], The skeleton, lying on the wooden coffin board, was then placed upon the top of a lead coffin and the large crowd of curious people who had assembled outside the church were allowed to file past the vault to view the king's remains. One fact we know about Robert the Bruce's character is that he had a violent temper and when the Red Comyn rejected his offer he really lost it. Edward I died in 1307, but his son was just as determined to hold Scotland as the father. [62] Edward continued his advance the following day, and encountered the bulk of the Scottish army as they emerged from the woods of New Park. Buchan had a very large population because it was the agricultural capital of northern Scotland, and much of its population was loyal to the Comyn family even after the defeat of the Earl of Buchan. With Moray by his side, Robert set off from his manor at Cardross for Tarbert on his 'great ship', thence to the Isle of Arran, where he celebrated Christmas of 1328 at the hall of Glenkill near Lamlash. [99] Accordingly, on 5 November 1819, the investigation took place. Bruce and his party then attacked Dumfries Castle where the English garrison surrendered. [54][77] He journeyed overland, being carried on a litter, to Inch in Wigtownshire: houses were built there and supplies brought to that place, as though the king's condition had deteriorated. The Bruces sided with King Edward against King John and his Comyn allies. 6th Lord of Annandale. Over the head of the body the lead was formed into the shape of a crown. [35] Edward deposed King John, placed him in the Tower of London, and installed Englishmen to govern the country. His mother, Marjorie, was the Countess of Carrick, descended from the Irish King Brian Boru. Robert's Father : Rightly so. Robert the Bruce was born on 11 July 1274, in Turnberry Castle in Ayrshire. The Earl of Richmond, Edward's nephew, was to head up the subordinate government of Scotland. The new kings position was very difficult. Robert I defeated his other opponents, destroying their strongholds and devastating their lands, and in 1309 held his first parliament. In his last years, Robert would pay for Dominican friars to tutor his son, David, for whom he would also purchase books. In addition, a parliament in 1314 decreed that all who remained in the allegiance of the English should forfeit their lands; this decree provided the means to reward supporters, and there are many charters regranting the lands so forfeited. This would only happen after the deposition of . [32] Both his father and grandfather were at one time Governors of the Castle, and following the loss of Annandale to Comyn in 1295, it was their principal residence. Conduct in War in Edward I's Campaigns in Scotland, 12961307', Violence in Medieval Society, ed. From there he marched through Moray to Badenoch before re-tracing his path back south to Dunfermline. from The Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough (previously edited as the Chronicle of Walter of Hemingford or Hemingburgh). [17], As many of these personal and leadership skills were bound up within a code of chivalry, Robert's chief tutor was surely a reputable, experienced knight, drawn from his grandfather's crusade retinue. His father, the seventh Robert de Bruce (died 1304), resigned the title of earl of Carrick in his favour in 1292, but little else is known of his career until 1306. [27] Edward I thereupon provided a safe refuge for the Bruces, having appointed the Lord of Annandale to the command of Carlisle Castle in October 1295. Finally, in June of 1314, the . The support given him by the church, in spite of his excommunication, was of great political importance. Under circumstances which are still disputed, Sir James and most of his companions were killed. [51] Bruce fled with a small following of his most faithful men, including Sir James Douglas and Gilbert Hay, Bruce's brothers Thomas, Alexander, and Edward, as well as Sir Neil Campbell and the Earl of Lennox. [71] It was to be here that Robert would build the manor house that would serve as his favoured residence during the final years of his reign. He was an active Guardian and made renewed efforts to have King John returned to the Scottish throne. A further sign of Edward's distrust occurred on 10 October 1305, when Edward revoked his gift of Sir Gilbert de Umfraville's lands to Bruce that he had made only six months before.[43]. His tomb, imported from Paris, was extremely elaborate, carved from gilded alabaster. The sources all agree that, outnumbered and separated from the main Christian army, a group of Scots knights led by Douglas was overwhelmed and wiped out. It was reburied in Melrose Abbey in 1998, pursuant to the dying wishes of the King. He is a direct ancestor of Queen Elizabeth II. Bruce, like all his family, had a complete belief in his right to the throne. His roles include Robert the Bruce, both in Braveheart and Robert the Bruce, Komodo in Warriors of Virtue, Vice-Counsel Dupont in Equilibrium, Jeff Denlon in the Saw franchise, Robert Rogers in the AMC historical drama Turn: Washington's Spies, McCreedy in Cameron Crowe 's We Bought a Zoo, and biologist James Murray in The Lost City of Z. According to the stories, Robert the Bruce's father was sent to tell Marjorie that her husband was dead. [23], Almost immediately, Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale, resigned his lordship of Annandale and transferred his claim to the Scottish throne to his son, antedating this statement to 7 November. It was found to be covered in two thin layers of lead, each around 5mm thick. [49], This legend first appears in a much later account, Tales of a Grandfather by Sir Walter Scott (published between 1828 and 1830). The site of the tomb in Dunfermline Abbey was marked by large carved stone letters spelling out "King Robert the Bruce" around the top of the bell tower, when the eastern half of the abbey church was rebuilt in the first half of the 19th century. [17], The family would have moved between the castles of their lordships Lochmaben Castle, the main castle of the lordship of Annandale, and Turnberry and Loch Doon Castle, the castles of the earldom of Carrick. Penman states that it is very difficult to accept the notion of Robert as a functioning king serving in war, performing face-to-face acts of lordship, holding parliament and court, travelling widely and fathering several children, all while displaying the infectious symptoms of a leper. [44] Whether the details of the agreement with Comyn are correct or not, King Edward moved to arrest Bruce while Bruce was still at the English court. His Milanese physician, Maino De Maineri, did criticise the king's eating of eels as dangerous to his health in advancing years. Freed from English threats, Scotland's armies could now invade northern England. [20] While there remains little firm evidence of Robert's presence at Edward's court, on 8 April 1296, both Robert and his father were pursued through the English Chancery for their private household debts of 60 by several merchants of Winchester. It was during this period, with his fortunes at low ebb, that he is supposed to have derived hope and patience from watching a spider perseveringly weaving its web. In May 1328 King Edward III of England signed the Treaty of EdinburghNorthampton, which recognised Scotland as an independent kingdom, and Bruce as its king. She claimed the right of her family, the MacDuff Earl of Fife, to crown the Scottish king for her brother, Donnchadh IV, Earl of Fife, who was not yet of age, and in English hands. [61], The battle began on 23 June as the English army attempted to force its way across the high ground of the Bannock Burn, which was surrounded by marshland. As a nephew and supporter of King John, and as someone with a serious claim to the Scottish throne, Comyn was Bruce's enemy. King Robert was twice defeated in 1306, at Methven, near Perth, on June 19, and at Dalry, near Tyndrum, Perthshire, on August 11. This page was last edited on 22 February 2023, at 00:03. There is nothing at this period to suggest that he was soon to become the Scottish leader in a war of independence against Edwards attempt to govern Scotland directly. Comyn was the nephew of John Balliol. The Bruces and the earls of Angus and March refused, and the Bruce family withdrew temporarily from Scotland, while the Comyns seized their estates in Annandale and Carrick, granting them to John Comyn, Earl of Buchan. Bruce supporters then ran up and stabbed Comyn with their swords. [54] Jean Le Bel also stated that in 1327 the king was a victim of 'la grosse maladie', which is usually taken to mean leprosy. 1306-1329. New Haven: Yale University Press. [30], Edward I responded to King John's alliance with France and the attack on Carlisle by invading Scotland at the end of March 1296 and taking the town of Berwick in a particularly bloody attack upon the flimsy palisades. There were rumours that John Balliol would return to regain the Scottish throne. Most likely he spent it in the Hebrides, possibly sheltered by Christina of the Isles. He would also have spoken both the Gaelic language of his Carrick birthplace and his mother's family and the early Scots language. [1] Robert the Bruce's family originally came from France. Thus, lineally and geopolitically, Bruce attempted to support his anticipated notion of a pan-Gaelic alliance between Scottish-Irish Gaelic populations, under his kingship. Robert's grandfather Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale, was one of the claimants to the Scottish throne during the 'Great Cause'. The bishops of Moray and Glasgow were in attendance, as were the earls of Atholl, Menteith, Lennox, and Mar. Early in April he arrived at the shrine of St Ninian at Whithorn. But it is exactly the ability to *compromise* that makes a man noble. Robert the Bruces son David succeeded him as king of Scotland and was himself succeeded by Roberts grandson through the female line, Robert Stewart, the first of the Scottish royal house of Stewart and ancestor of the English house of Stuart. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Robert The Bruce - Family and Descendants Family and Descendants Bruce's legitimate children were, with his first wife Isabella of Mar: Marjorie, married Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland, their son became King Robert II. They were from a place called Brus in Normandy, which is in the northern part of France. He would have been schooled to speak, read and possibly write in the Anglo-Norman language of his Scots-Norman peers and the Scoto-Norman portion of his family. In 1327, the English deposed Edward II in favour of his son, Edward III, and peace was concluded between Scotland and England with the Treaty of EdinburghNorthampton in 1328, by which Edward III renounced all claims to sovereignty over Scotland. The Harrying of Buchan in 1308 was ordered by Bruce to make sure all Comyn family support was extinguished. Robert himself defeated John Comyn, earl of Buchan (a cousin of the slain John the Red), and in 1313 captured Perth, which had been in the hands of an English garrison. Robert later went there with another army to assist his brother. [31], Almost the first blow in the war between Scotland and England was a direct attack on the Bruces. Ralph de Monthermer learned of Edward's intention and warned Bruce by sending him twelve pence and a pair of spurs. The fourth Robert de Bruce married the daughter of William I, king of Scotland. In 1299, William Lamberton, Bishop of St. Andrews, was appointed as a third, neutral Guardian to try to maintain order between Bruce and Comyn. The exact location of Cardross manor house is uncertain. [30] At some point in early 1296, Robert married his first wife, Isabella of Mar, the daughter of Domhnall I, Earl of Mar. [81] Along with suggestions of eczema, tuberculosis, syphilis, motor neurone disease, cancer or stroke, a diet of rich court food has also been suggested as a possible contributory factor in Robert's death. [5][6][7][nb 1][1] Robert de Brus, 1st Lord of Annandale, the first of the Bruce (de Brus) line, had settled in Scotland during the reign of King David I, 1124 and was granted the Lordship of Annandale in 1124. They examined the original casting of the skull belonging to Robert the Bruce's descendant Lord Andrew Douglas Alexander Thomas Bruce, and a foot bone that had not been re-interred. An annual commemorative dinner has been held in his honour in Stirling since 2006. . When these stones were removed, the vault was found to be seven feet (210cm) in length, 56cm wide and 45cm deep. [63] The English appear not to have expected the Scots to give battle here, and as a result had kept their forces in marching, rather than battle, order, with the archers who would usually have been used to break up enemy spear formations at the back, rather than the front, of the army. [97] Fragments of marble and alabaster had been found in the debris around the site of the vault several years earlier, which were linked to Robert the Bruce's recorded purchase of a marble and alabaster tomb made in Paris. It has been estimated that Bruce stood at around 6feet 1inch (185cm) tall as a young man, which by medieval standards was impressive. Edward I. Robert Bruce as Earl of Carrick, and now 7th Lord of Annandale, held huge estates and property in Scotland and a barony and some minor properties in England, and a strong claim to the Scottish throne. [41] On 7 July, Bruce and his friends made terms with Edward by a treaty called the Capitulation of Irvine. [77], Barbour and other sources relate that Robert summoned his prelates and barons to his bedside for a final council at which he made copious gifts to religious houses, dispensed silver to religious foundations of various orders, so that they might pray for his soul, and repented of his failure to fulfil a vow to undertake a crusade to fight the 'Saracens' in the Holy Land. Edward was even crowned as High King of Ireland in 1316. Douglas was killed, but it appears that the heart was recovered and brought back for burial, as the king had intended, at Melrose Abbey. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). 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